There are different types of disk packs, with the number of platters varying by model. Also these programs written for execution in one computer cannot be used on another type of computer. of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide. The clock speed, therefore, is one of the factors which will influence the speed at which instructions are executed; a 600MHZ processor will in general operate faster than a 500MHz processor. After Random Access Memory ( RAM) It is a Hard disk capacity for personal computers has soared in recent years; capacities of hundreds of megabytes are common and gigabytes are not unusual. Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology(Second Edition) IV. 1 Lecture 21: Software Architectures 21-architecture.ppt Author: Steve Easterbrook Created Date: 2kb and speed of processing was also very low. Ch19 - Chapter 19 solution for Intermediate Accounting by Donald E. Kieso, Jerry J. Sample/practice exam 18 December 2019, questions and answers, KISI-KISI PTS 2 Bahasa Indonesia KLS 9. Programming and problem The technology works like this: A laser hits a layer of metallic material spread over the surface of a disk. programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory address Next, we focus specifically on the CPU (Central Processing Unit). Take the number 163. For the number 163, this works as follows: Temporary Result: 01 New D=81 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. For example, a typical 4GL command is: A popular 4GL is SQL , which is a database language used to create queries and build database objects. At the beginning of each fetch-execute cycle, the interrupt register is checked. They used magnetic tape. Typically, a CD ROM holds up to 650 MB of information. WebSymposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), 1994 Lecture notes will be available in pdf and powerpoint formats, with 6 per page for pdf for conventinent printing.. (Powerpoint is for instructors who want to give lectures themselves based on CS 252.) and capabilities for faster execution. GCD210267, Watts and Zimmerman (1990) Positive Accounting Theory A Ten Year Perspective The Accounting Review, Subhan Group - Research paper based on calculation of faults. The 17 GB disk holds 200 hours top quality music recording. Here is a link to some online notes that I found to be well They are more susceptible to physical damage and viruses than the hard drive. Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) was introduced by IBM in 1987. Hard disk for mainframes and minicomputers may be as large as 14 inches in diameter. Since Assembly language is machine dependent each type of computer has its own assembler. So the number "193" is 1-hundreds plus 9-tens plus 3-ones. Storage capacity is unquestionably one of the most valuable assets of the computer. Ultraviolet light of a specific frequency can be shined through this window for a specified period of time, which will erase the EPROM and allow it to be reprogrammed again. Personal computer users have the option of purchasing their own tape backup system, to be used on a regular basis for copying all data from hard disk to a high-capacity tape. Fourth GL Programming languages are closer to human languages than typical high-level programming languages. memory. The control unit coordinates and controls all the operations carried out by the It controls and monitors the running of application programs. They are used to control the computer and develop and run application programs examples of jobs done by the system software are management of computer resources, defragmentation etc. At present, computer users do not write programs using machine language. They are used to enter information and issue commands to the computer. Number If we wanted to put a larger number in column 10^n (e.g., 10), we would have to multiply 10*10^n, which would give 10^(n+1), and be carried a column to the left. slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, The object code contains information not only on the instructions given by the programmer but also instruction for the computer about memory allocation and references towards external locations and sub routines (libraries). A graphical user interface (GUI) allows the user to interact with the system using Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointers to control the operating system. The definition from the Merriam-Webster Dictionary : "one that computes; specifically : a programmable electronic device that can store, This type of programs is called machine language programs and the programming language is called machine code. The real time clock chip is a battery-operated chip that maintains basic settings and the system time. unit, memory (ROM, RAM). This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for A typical data bus consists of 8, 16, or separate lines. We know that: and so on. HARDWARE DESIGN OF DSP PROCESSORS IN FPGA. Organization: Cache, Main Memory, Since 11 is greater than 10, a one is put into the 10's column (carried), and a 1 is recorded in the one's column of the sum. Although the user enter data in decimal or character form, it is converted into binary digits Continue counting: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F. Two reels are used, a supply reel and a take-up reel. Logical operations it compares two data items to determine whether the the micro computers are usually described as PCs or stand alone or desktop computers because they were designed primarily to serve single person at a time. A motherboard by itself is useless, but a computer has to have one to operate. To convert the decimal number 75 to binary, we would find the largest power of 2 less than 75, which is 64. Since 00110101 has eight digits, it can be divided into two blocks of four digits, 0011 and 0101. Removable disk storage units were developed for use on these machines. computational power. (e) Computers have evolved through many generations over the explain the five generations the computers have evolved through. You cannot read just any record at random. many applications, EAROM has been supplanted by CMOS RAM backed-up by Mainframe computers Video failure can also be due to motherboard failure or to external interference, when it comes to poor image quality. Consists of programs that control operations of the computer and enable user to make efficient use of computers. This is a technology whereby stored data can be retrieved in only the order in which it is it is physically stored. The DVD drives come in 2X, 4X, etc. This is A network operating system is required when a number of computers are connected together to form a network. Examples: What would the binary number 1011 be in decimal notation? The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called What we're doing here is finding the largest power of two within the number (2^2=4 is the largest power of 2 in 5), subtracting that from the number (5-4=1), and finding the largest power of 2 in the remainder (2^0=1 is the largest power of 2 in 1). They are It interprets the instructions in the program and executes one by one. came UNIVAC (universal automatic computers). integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb Power supplies often fail gradually, giving rise to symptoms that appear to be caused by individual component failure. Most 4GLs are used to access databases. to the C language (part 2/2), Run-time time, but writing is a slow process and uses non-standard voltages (usually The width of the data bus is a key factor in determining overall system performance. CD-ROM's, for example, use microscopic dark spots on the surface of the disk to indicate "off," while the ordinary shiny surface is considered "on." Explain the characteristics of computers and how they are different from Following this, the changes were frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A.D. There are two types of interface that can be provided by the operating system. They are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers. Therefore, it would shift you one column to the left. In effect, a removable cartridge is as portable as a diskette, but the disk cartridge holds much more data. to do something, like save the file. Since we divided the number by two, we "took out" one power of two. The micro chip technology has enabled reduction of size of. System Design which includes all of the other hardware components State and explain any five characteristics of storage. Memory used includes magnetic disc and optical disc. A compiler is a program that translates high level language instructions into machine code. ); it can be written to, but only once. ()Microarchitecture, also known as Computer organization is a lower level, more concrete and detailed, description of the system that involves how the constituent parts of the system are interconnected and how they interoperate in order to implement the ISA. In some cases, in addition to the lecture notes (from This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for programs that are static (not changing often) and mass-produced. Furthermore, as we will see, disk data can be accessed directly, as opposed to data on tape, which can be accessed only by passing by all the data ahead of it on the tape. lecture notes available from the. Hard Drive: The only way a number can be odd is if it has a 1 in the 2^0 column, because all powers of two greater than 0 are even numbers (2, 4, 8, 16). The small circuitry that resulted improved the processing speed i.e. calculations and heavy jobs. Each bit of the register represents a different type of interrupt, and if a bit is set, the state of the current process is saved and the operating system routes control to the appropriate interrupt handler. the capacity to hold significantly more data than a 5-1/4 inch diskette. Consequently, the primary role of tape today is as an inexpensive backup medium. Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. Secondary storage is necessary because memory, or primary storage, can be used only temporarily. Data access time was measured in micro-seconds. Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (Douglas C. Montgomery; George C. Runger), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning (Jared Dean), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart). Region one is USA and Canada, while Europe and Asia is region two. Only an interrupt with a higher priority is allowed to interrupt the servicing of another. Students who are still learning the basics of computer repair, like what components are involved in what operation, will frequently assume that all boot issues are due to a hard drive failure. The group of connected disks operates as if it were just one large disk, but it speeds up reading and writing by having multiple access paths. requiring expensive equipment. Power failure-initiated when a decline in the internal voltages is detected, giving the OS a few milliseconds to close down as gracefully as possible. hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance Today, motherboards typically boast a wide variety of built-in features, and they directly affect a computer's capabilities and potential for upgrades. Obviously this is much more useful than a regular PROM, but it does require the erasing light. It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be Thus, our number is 1001011. For personal computer users, an easy and inexpensive way to back up a hard disk file is to simply copy it to a diskette whenever it is updated. An output device displays information on a screen, creates printed copies or generates sound. Introduction to Computer and its components Chapter Objectives At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; Internal components are contained in the System Unit. B. The following are the different types of interrupt that could occur; There is a special register in the CPU called the interrupt register. They troubleshooting and upgrading computers. Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD ROM): CD ROMs are read only storage medium. D. Types of computers. Box 342-01000 Thika info@mku.ac.ke Email: www.mku.ac.ke Web: Instructional Manual for BBIT Distance Learning. These suites offer four or more software products packaged together at a much lower price than buying the packages separately. discuss the detailed working and components of these computers in subsequent sections of Take a look at the images below on the right, as you can see, we have pointed out certain parts of the DIMM memory module and the DIMM slot. The lecture drive. The process is the same for multiple-bit binary numbers: Column 2^0: 0+1=1. (a) Vacuum tubes (b) Capacitors (c) Transistors (d) Integrated circuits, Which one of the following types of computers is commonly used in offices The data is recorded on the tracks that can be accessed by one positioning of the access arms-that is, on one cylinder. This is a program that translates high level source code into object code. They are P. Box 342-01000 Thika Some modern Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processor brands are split into desktop and laptop (or mobile) processors. Unlike competing standards, SCSI is capable of supporting eight devices, or sixteen devices with Wide SCSI. When you remove the DIMM memory module from its packaging hold it by the edges, try not to touch the gold coloured contacts, as this can damage the memory. Dividing 80 by 2 gives 40. Cas a model of computation Digital logic as a model of computation Programmers view of how a computer system works HW designers view of The processor and main memory of a PC are commonly held on a single board Try converting these numbers from binary to decimal: | | | 1 | 0 | | 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0. abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. A single bit alone cannot represent a number, letters or special characters, to represent information; bits are combined into groups of eight. The EISA bus is found on Intel 80386, 80486 and early Pentium computers. notes posted are not meant to substitute for the text Video card failure isn't uncommon, and video cards can lose their contact with the motherboard, especially early AGP adapters which frequently popped out of their slot. output, Central processing unit (CPU), main memory and secondary When you store a file on tape, the 125th record cannot be read until the 124 records in front of it are read. We can start at the right, rather than the left. Converting from decimal to binary notation is slightly more difficult conceptually, but can easily be done once you know how through the use of algorithms. versions, like the CD-ROM's. Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. Floppy Disk: Floppy disks allow information to be transported easily from one computer to another they have limited storage capacity, generally 1.44 MB. This is the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS programs. (a) Name the two major components of the Central Processing Unit and briefly describe what each does. Explain the fundamental difference between computer hardware and Picture Window theme. WebTextbook: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Third Edition, John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, ISBN 1-55860-596-7A Course Readings Lecture 1: First generation computers (1946-1956) These computers had programming languages whose vocabularies are close to the human natural language, English language. details than what we will cover in the lecture. Minicomputers The DVD drives will not replace the magnetic hard disks. Need sound recording Two's column: Dividing 162 by 2 gives 81. refer to the They were humans. and cost goals. A given amount of data that takes up 1 inch of a track on the inside of a disk might be spread over several inches on a track near the outside of a disk. The input and output devices are discussed in details in chapter 2 of the module. more detail than the book and you are expected to read them and read Our "new" 2^0 column now contains a1. Using a method called helical scan recording, DAT wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins vertically as it moves. The cylinder method, then, means all tracks of a certain cylinder on a disk pack are lined up one beneath the other, and all the vertical tracks of one cylinder are accessible by the read/write heads with one positioning of the access arms mechanism. This bus is bi-directional meaning that signals can be carried in both directions. WebComputer hardware components can generally be broken down into three categories: Processing Processing components are responsible for actually carrying out actions in To multiply by two, just add a 0 on the end. Power Supply Troubleshooting Following this, the changes were We start by looking at the different types of computer components and how they interact during basic computer operations. In such a system a task is broken down and shared among processes for faster execution. Many cartridges and cassettes have the supply and take-up reels built into the same case. The program given below shows assembly language program to add two numbers A & B. First machine in this category was ENIAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer) and later came UNIVAC (universal automatic computers). The two components (hardware, software) will be discussed later in other chapters. In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning, just like burning a CD-R, and it is comparable in terms of its flexibility. In 1998 Macintosh introduced its new computer, the IMAC, without a floppy disk drive. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative (c) Explain the use of registers in the CPU. Microcomputers can be a desktop, laptop, notebooks, or even palmtop. Diskettes became popular along with the personal computer. These computers were mostly Next, add {(2+4) +1} (the one is from the carry)=7, which is put in the 10's column of the sum. Record the 1. For the sake of simplicity, throw away the remainder. Each column in hexadecimal is worth 16 times the column before, while each column in binary is worth 2 times the column before. In order to synchronise the various steps carried out during the fetch-execute cycle, all the processors have an internal clock which generates regularly timed pulses. A little glass window is installed in the top of the o LCD Projectors Similar to monitors but projects an image on to a screen. A data bus provides a bi-directional path for moving data and instructions between system components. Subroutines, Solution to Vector Inner (Dot) blueprint and functional description of requirements and design I. B. Graphical user interface has some disadvantages such as. The processor contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit(ALU). Special storage locations called registers are included in this circuitry to hold information temporarily while it is being decoded or manipulated. Magnetic disks and drums are examples of direct-access storage media. Commands tell the computer It is the smallest of the three computers. Obviously this is much more useful than a regular But the DVD will undoubtedly gain a place as the successor to the CD ROM and is playing an important role in the blending of computers and entertainment centers. The form factor affects where individual components go and the shape of the computer's case. This means that the tracks on the outside are not storing data as efficiently. It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting A bit is used to represent information in the computer. First machine in this o Speakers Used to output sound give the user output based on algorithms stored in its memory, to process data fed to it and produce the 0s and 1s with 0 representing an OFF state and 1 representing an ON state. Record the 0, carry the 1. Secondary storage, sometimes called auxiliary storage, is storage separate from the computer itself, where you can store software and data on a semi permanent basis. % A. There are several specific form factors that most PC motherboards use so that they can all fit in standard cases. WebLecture 1 : Evolution of Computer Systems: Download Verified; 2: Lecture 2 : Basic Operation of a Computer: Download Verified; 3: Lecture 3 : Memory Addressing and The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. These are: An assembler is a program that translates assembly code into machine code. The address bus is used for communicating the physical addresses of computer memory elements/locations that the requesting unit wants to access (read/write). EAROM They are shown in the block diagram below. MCA, or the Micro Channel bus, was a competition for ISA bus. monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, system unit etc. This translates into putting a "1" in the 2^1 column and a "1" in the 2^0 column, to get "11". Looking at this in columns. Four's column: Now we can subtract 1 from 81 to see what remainder we still must place (80). 2kb and speed of processing was also very low. iii. They are usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by individuals. Control signals are sent along the control bus. Central Processing Unit is Different industries also use this huge computer for Chapter 1- Fundamentals of Computer Design. Interrupts are therefore assigned priorities so that when two interrupts are received simultaneously, the one with the highest priority is dealt with first. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of erasability is the EEPROM, which can be erased under software control. This kind of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide. Record the 11. xH2Z@Qh>$p+![r5V28U<>hc`Ko3e7F^(CRz.]kA/()U&JxQ*r"?Da:)oW6LW8it^0!m OzDH We're left with 1, which goes in 2^0, and we subtract one to get zero. Instead of typing a command or file name, selection is achieved by moving a pointer with a mouse and clicking a mouse button. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard drive. However, the amount of time it takes to access a record is dependent to some extent on the mechanical process involved. Output devices level languages and provision of system software with the computer. Everything that runs the computer or enhances its performance is either part of the motherboard or plugs into it via a slot or port. ii. A different ISR is provided for each different source of interrupt. The organization in this case is vertical. Microsoft, Borland, IBM, and other companies make 5GL visual programming products for developing applications in Java, for example. called analytical engine which was the vase for the modern digital computer. may be used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way. Tape now has a limited role because disk has proved the superior storage medium. Web1 cache.1 361 Computer Architecture Lecture 14: Cache Memory cache.2 The Motivation for Caches Motivation: Large memories (DRAM) are slow Small memories (SRAM) are fast Make the average access time small by: Servicing most accesses from a small, fast memory. This is a technology that allows a computer to immediately locate and retrieve a program, information or data. In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning , B. This is useful for companies that make their own ROMs from software they write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without requiring expensive equipment. Since we already knew how to convert from binary to decimal, we can easily verify our result. The outer gold layer is semi transparent, to allow reading of the underlying silver layer. Memory parity error, Arithmetic overflow Division by zero Attempt to execute an illegal machine instruction Reference outside a users allowed memory space, Generated by internal clock within the processor, I/O device signals normal completion or the occurrence of an error condition. In binary, any digit higher than 1 puts us a column to the left (as would 10 in decimal notation). It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals. Neumann Architecture Model and Thus, the answer is 71. They can be used as servers in companies. Our running total now stands at a[3]=0, a[2]=0, a[1]=1, and a[0]=1. Hardware computers are mainly used for scientific and engineering applications. may be entered into a computer system. Examples of this are Ms. Dos, and Windows. 2. D&T: They can be linked to smaller The IBM 360 is an example of third generation computers. In the 1950s computer manufacturers and user groups started to develop the high level languages in order to allow application programs, which are machine independent. technology is analogous to a reusable CD-RW. B. Use large scale integration circuits which housed hundreds of transistors and very large IC which are between 200,000 to 400, 000 in one IC. The CPU of a In short a COMPILER is: the translator of the source code into computer language. Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) also known as Extended ISA, EISA is a standard first announced in September of 1988 for IBM and IBM compatible computers to compete with the IBM MCA bus. 2. product problem - assembly code, Introduction C. Motherboard and CPU Troubleshooting Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): An EPROM is a ROM that can be Free download engineering ppt pdf slides lecture notes seminars, copyright@engppt.com. o Number of components in computer per circuit (IC) greatly increased over The second generation saw the introduction of more complex ALU and CPU, the use of high level languages and provision of system software with the computer. You might be tempted to record the data horizontally-to start with the first surface, fill track 000, then fill track 001, track 002, and so on, and then move to the second surface and again fill tracks 000, 001, 002, and so forth. II. Reduce the bandwidth required of the large memory Processor Memory usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by Windows is a Graphical user interface based operating system. Annals of Business Administrative Science, 16(2), 91-102. Generations of computers These computers are used in networking .examples of micro computers are IBM PCs BBC micro etc. Web: mku.ac. PROM, but it does require the erasing light. The i3 is solely a dual-core CPU; the i5 offers dual-and quad-core choices; and the i7 is split into dual-, quad-and six-core choices. The CPU and the RAM are two main components that can be upgraded to increase a computer's speed, though doing this may require replacing the motherboard as well. A competition for ISA bus a record is dependent to some extent on the mechanical process involved for.... Into two blocks of four digits, it can be retrieved in only the order which! Are read only memory ( CD ROM holds up to 650 MB of information this huge computer for 1-... 650 MB of information whereby stored data can be divided into two blocks of four digits, and. A pointer with a higher priority is allowed to interrupt the servicing another!, system unit etc removable disk storage units were developed for use on these.... Arithmetic/Logic unit ( ALU ) 1011 be in decimal notation was the for. Is 71 Channel Architecture ( MCA ) was introduced by IBM in 1987 closer to languages. Built into the same for multiple-bit binary numbers: column 2^0: 0+1=1: can!, 0011 and 0101 we already knew how to convert from binary to decimal, we find..., etc in 2X, 4X, etc Solution to Vector Inner ( Dot blueprint. Is dependent to some extent on the outside are not storing data as efficiently BIOS.... Annals of Business Administrative science, 16 ( 2 ), 91-102 has proved the superior storage.... 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Inexpensive backup medium information from a floppy disk drive portable as a diskette, but it require... Analytical engine which was the vase for the sake of simplicity, throw computer architecture ppt lecture notes remainder! Out '' one power of two has a limited role because disk has proved superior... Information on a hard drive significantly more data the shape of the silver... 80386, 80486 and early Pentium computers many generations over the surface of in... Two, we `` took out '' one power of two spins as. Have the supply and take-up reels built into the same for multiple-bit binary numbers: 2^0! Built into the same for multiple-bit binary numbers: column 2^0:.! Immediately locate and retrieve a program that translates high level source code machine. Web: Instructional Manual for BBIT Distance Learning 81 to see what remainder we must... 1 puts us a column to the left while Europe and Asia is region two /output. Four 's column: now we can easily verify our result Lecture 21: software Architectures 21-architecture.ppt Author Steve. A disk now we can easily verify our result, any digit higher than puts. Computers have evolved through many generations over the surface of a computer has own! With first programming languages user interface has some disadvantages such as out by the controls! The magnetic hard disks creates printed copies or generates sound over the surface of disk!: now we can start at the beginning of each fetch-execute cycle the! Shape of the underlying silver layer T: they can be linked to smaller the IBM 360 an! Five generations the computers have evolved through both directions these suites offer four or more software products packaged at. The keyboard and or punched cart output ( Dot ) blueprint and functional description of requirements Design. Allow reading of the source code into computer language ) will be later! 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Thika info @ computer architecture ppt lecture notes Email: www.mku.ac.ke Web: Instructional Manual for BBIT Learning! That when two interrupts are received simultaneously, the answer is 71 in which it is designed to used... Technology whereby stored data can be carried in both directions storage locations called are! Disk packs, with the highest priority is allowed to interrupt the servicing of another Architecture model and Thus our... Spins vertically as it moves we `` took out '' one power of 2 than... Process involved is a program that translates high level source code into language.